Aeromonas skin infection. Hokelek et al. She only wrote to us to ask if we have ever heard of this sort of skin reaction occurring in response to a leech bite, and also to determine if what she found was in fact a leech. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Clin Infect Dis. It looks like, in short, an itchy rash, precisely as our reader described it.). 1995, 33 (6): 1053-1055. Really a perfect post. Signs and Symptoms of Tooth Infections. In order to determine appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis on local resistance patterns, surgeons and infectious disease specialists have to collaborate. 10.1016/S0266-4356(03)00242-0. Do not look for any self-treatment or alternative for the leech bite. Small blisters. Is It Bedbugs, Other Bug Bites, or a Rash? After you remove the leech, you should promptly wash the wound with soap and water, according to the Austin Health Internet . In clinical practice, the area that needs to be treated has to be cleaned with an antiseptic solution then with physiological serum because the leeches are very sensitive to odors [7]. Penders J, Stobberingh EE: Antibiotic resistance of motile aeromonads in indoor catfish and eel farms in the southern part of the Netherlands. 1999, 67 (1): 1-7. In addition, most leeches carry the bacteria Aeromonas in their gut, which could infect the leech site. Check your body for ticks after returning from tick-infested areas. If your bite does become infected, youll usually need to see a doctor for treatment. See pictures and learn about remedies. are classically divided into the spotted fever group (SFG) and the typhus group, although more recently these have been classified into as . INFECTIOUS AGENTS. For our two patients, the sample was plated to blood agar, Drigalski agar and a brain-heart infusion. In 2011, Wang et al. Rarely get they infected or leech can bite in areas like nose, eyeball or internal organs. Leech bites do not usually require medical attention; however, if you are also being bitten by another person or animal, you may need medical help to stop the blood loss. A. hydrophila skin infection is treated with antibiotics such as tetracycline, sulfonamide, trimethoprim + sulphamethoxazoleor ciprofloxacin. Since then leeching has been used particularly for the treatment of venous drainage problems [3]. Use any repellant spray, salt, or oil only as a protective spray. In our two cases, the delay between leeching and the beginning of septicemia ranges from 4 to 7 days. Aspen Green is an award-winning CBD and hemp producer based in Colorado. Anaphylaxis is a medical emergency. Can medical leech therapy help someone with infected leg ulcers? In the literature, many cases of infection after leeching have been described [11]: 18 cases in 1992 by Lineaweaver [12], 19 cases in 1996 by De Chalain [13], 7 cases in 2002 by Sartor [14], and 47 cases in 2007 by Bauters [15]. Br J Plast Surg. The most common infections of bug bites include: Impetigo is a skin infection. Stay away from standing water and humid but shady areas. CAS Find the perfect leech bite stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. Article Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Cite this article. PubMed PMID: 22639852. Another reason to seek medical attention is if your bleeding appears unusually heavy or prolonged, especially if youre taking anticoagulant drugs. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. poor balance. If this happens, try one or more of the following: In some cases, the removal method will depend on the location the leech attaches to and may need the help of a medical professional to remove. The fever ceased after 4 days of antibiotic treatment. Is there any problems in future. Avoid heavily scented perfume, cologne, soap, or shampoo. Although leech bites usually heal quickly, some cases may result in skin marks. You can encounter them most often in grasses or fresh water, though some species live in marine water. Please do not scratch or itch until you see a doctor. Hokelek M, Gneren E, Eroglu C: An experimental study to sterilize medicinal leeches. There might even be an area of pus in the center of the redness. For these, please consult a doctor (virtually or in person). A paper acts as a coagulant during leech bites. The first mechanism is through the passive bleeding of the patient after each leech bite; this represents the majority of the average blood meal volume for a leech. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. If it does, this is a leech. . Leech bites and medical leech therapy can also lead to A.hydrophila infection, because all leeches carry the bacteria . Neither leeches nor ticks are insects. Whitlock MR, O'Hare PM, Sanders R, Morrow NC: The medicinal leech and its use in plastic surgery: a possible cause for infection. This can happen if a person swallows contaminated water. Why do I get cuts on my frenulum during intercourse? Does leech bite cause infection? In fact, each leechs bite potentially introduces the bacteria into tissue with poor microcirculation, setting the stage for a possible infection. These bacteria can be the cause of infections. The saliva from H. medicinalis, which is the most commonly used medicinal leech in Europe and Northern America, was put into culture by Mackay et al. Untreated or severe cellulitis can cause sepsis, a life threatening complication of infection. Aeromonas is an aquatic bacterium. Sig AK, et al. I may be doing the typing but Steve Jobs is doing the spelling! If a leech is forcibly removed by pulling it, its teeth can remain embedded in the wound and cause local irritation. Infections following the application of leeches: two case reports and review of the literature. This is usually an outpatient procedure. A partial necrosis settled in the mammary and abdominal area. (I need the leeches for a project on animal behavior, that is why I am looking for them. If there is a lot of open skin then you can get a secondary bacterial infection. Infection is the mostreported complication related to leech therapy and Aeromonas spp. 2010, 55 (1): 71-73. 10.1007/s00402-010-1135-y. But there isnt evidence to suggest that humans have actually been infected with HIV from a leech. But except in rare cases, leeches arent generally harmful. In other words, the leech might be a red herring, diverting attention away from whatever actually caused the skin rash. Rickettsial infections are caused by multiple bacteria from the order Rickettsiales and genera Rickettsia, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Neorickettsia, Neoehrlichia, and Orientia (). This resistance is confirmed on the antibiogram of our two patients (Table1). General Symptoms. On the seventh postoperative day, we noticed a clinical presentation of septicemia associated with 39.8C hyperthermia, a white blood cell count of 15109/L and a CRP level increased by 114mg/L. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. The bacteria can cause cellulitis, a skin infection that causes red, swollen skin and fever. The use of leeches reached a peak in the nineteenth century for various indications: laryngitis, ophthalmic problems, cerebral apoplexy, obesity, and mental disorders. Read on to learn more about symptoms and how to prevent bug bites. In most cases, people may try to remove it with a lit cigarette but this is not advisable as this causes the leech to regurgitate the contents of its gut into the bite. 10.1001/archoto.2010.257. It was in 1983 that Whitlock et al. Diabetes: Drinking More Water Can Help Reduce Blood Sugar; Follow These Tips To Increase Water Intake, Mental Health: Nutrients That Can Help Lift Your Mood, Mental Health: Worst Foods For Stress, As Shared By An Expert, Haircare: Struggling With Hair Loss? J Reconstr Microsurg. recurrent genital herpes. Bushwalking topics that are not location specific. there could be quite a few. 10.1055/s-2007-1006471. Can a spider bite get infected after it is healing? Local vasodilator: This will encourage blood flow in the region of the bite, increasing its food supply . Effective antibiotic treatment may reduce the possibility of Aeromonas colonization of a devitalized portion of tissue and prevent late A. hydrophila infection [29]. What does an infected tic bite look like? If you are dealing with skin parasites, blood parasites, intestinal parasites, or other types of parasites in humans, while All About Worms cant identify parasites or diagnose symptoms for you, we can point you to the doctors, clinics, and labs who understand and specialize in dealing with parasites in humans! 10.1097/00000637-199903000-00008. Highlights. 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.03.012. with instruments and equipment that help in removing the leech which may not hurt you and prevent you from any further infections of a leech bite. Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease that is found in parts of the tropics, subtropics, and southern Europe. . It can vary, but there will typically be red and swollen. The severity ranges from mild cellulitis and trivial episodes of wound drainage to more serious infections with abscess, tissue necrosis, septicemia and meningitis [16]. best solution for the leach bite infection will be..take a TT injection and apply FUBAC ointment so that itching will be reduced and infection will not spread..it will heal very soon.. injection helps a lot. Flea bites can also cause other complications such as allergic reactions and inflammatory reactions such as tungiasis. As for our two patients, Hermansdorfers and Bragas studies reveal that the Aeromonas is sensitive to fluoroquinolone, particularly ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin [23, 30]. You should see a doctor if: In the beginning of an infection, you may be able to treat it at home. Most leeches have visible eyes on the top of their bodies and round mouths with several rows of teeth. It can be hard to know whether it's infected or not and typically antibiotics are started as a precaution. Aeromonas can also cause gastroenteritis (traveller's diarrhoea), meningitis and peritonitis. Brain and Spinal Cord. 10.1097/00000637-199209000-00008. [20] Even though hemorrhage following leech bite is a known complication following leech bite (both medicinal and non- medicinal), cases of ecchymoses and various skin lesions have also been In fact, each leech's bite potentially introduces the bacteria into tissue with poor microcirculation, setting the stage for a possible infection. 2007, 39 (2): 103-107. Poison ivy can be found in nearly every state, so theres a good chance you will eventually cross paths with it. i thought it was scabies but nothing happen when i treated it with anti-scabies. Solitary persistent insect bite reactions can be urticarial, bullous, vasculitic or granulomatous. Epub 2012 Nov 8. Whitlock showed the presence of A. hydrophila on the leechs body by making bacteriological samples. Below are the links to the authors original submitted files for images. Insect bites and stings: Complications of insect bites and stings. You get it from skin-to-skin contact with an infected person. i was bitten by a type of leech which is smaller (can be found easily around Asia). Ouderkirk JP, Bekhor D, Turett GS, Murali R: Aeromonas meningitis complicating medicinal leech therapy. What treatment should I follow? 1990, 6 (2): 135-137. 2004, 42 (2): 133-137. Patients may present with recurrent epistaxis if they have a nasal leech infestation. Before looking at any pictures, we must make it abundantly clear up front that we are not medical professionals, and nothing we say should be taken as medical advice, which we wont be dispensing in any case. Most leech bites are harmless. Clin Infect Dis. Arch Orthop Trauma surg. but I got plenty when I was younger in the otways and everywhere else. Due to anticoagulant, the leech bites would not allow stopping the bleeding. REUTERS/Denis Sinyakov (RUSSIA HEALTH SOCIE Infection occurs when the bacteria that produce aerolysin toxin enter an area of broken . volume6, Articlenumber:364 (2012) Bacteria (usually strep or staph) can enter the skin, especially when you scratch an itchy bug bite. Although rare, a bee sting may be infected even if it appears to be healing. 10.1054/bjps.1998.0128. CBR operated on the first patient and JBA on the second one. This is because the saliva from leeches is an anticoagulant and interferes with the bloods normal clotting. What are the long term effects of the leech bite? if (d.getElementById(id)) return; Despite the absence of intraoperative complications and patient-related risk factors, the flap presented an early venous congestion that was treated from the second to the fifth postoperative day by leeching and heparin-moist gauzes. Scnabl SM, Kuntz C, Unglaub F, Polykandriotis E, Horch RE, Dragu A: Acute postoperative infection with Aeromonas hydrophila after using medical leeches for treatment of venous congestion. . and deals with the treatment of poisonous bites. Read more to learn whether your bee sting has become infected. This website follows the DNPA Code of Ethics, --------------------------------Advertisement---------------------------------- -. Lineaweaver [25] nevertheless noticed an important decrease in the concentration of bacteria inside the digestive tracts of leeches when the patient is under an effective antibiotic therapy. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. like a bump, swelling? Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. If above oils are not available easily, use coconut oil or olive oil to gently message the wound or the bite on a daily basis after the shower. In your case, the leech has most likely dropped off and there should not be a cause of concern. Do not remove a leech using any of the following methods. Hermansdorfer J, Lineaweaver W, Follansbee S, Valauri FA, Buncke HJ: Antibiotic sensitivities of Aeromonas hydrophila cultured from medicinal leeches. 1992, 29 (3): 245-249. Although locally-acquired Lyme disease cannot be ruled out, there is little evidence that it occurs in . There are no reports of leech transmitted diseases; however, some strains are resistant to some antibiotics such as penicillin, which can increase your risk of developing an infection. var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; Infectious complications following medicinal leeching have been documented in literature with rates vary Arthropod-borne infections The rate of infection after application of leeches is not negligible. Whitaker IS, Izadi D, Oliver DW, Monteath G, Butler PE: Hirudo medicinalis and the plastic surgeon. 10.1007/s100960050232. Try the following for relief: In many cases, an infected bug bite will need an antibiotic. Wear long sleeves and pants whenever possible. 2009, 29 (8): 619-625. Int J Antimicrob Agents. The most common germ is A. hydrophila but other pathogens that cause wound infections following leeching include A. sobria[19], and there are isolated reports of Serratia marcescens[20] and Vibrio fluvialis[21]. Int J Microsurg. 1, 3 Leech application can also cause infection with Mycobacterium marinum, a parasitic bacteria usually hosted by salt water fish, or with Aeromonas hydrophilia, which leeches carry in their gut. Leeches can be spotted, striped, or solidly colored. He presented with a cauliflower-like mass and plaque-like lesions on . Ive done much research to on leech protection. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Since it is a very old bite, I would suggest you consult a doctor (Skin specialist/ dermatologist). I believe its mandatory to leech socks especially if trekking in forests with leeches. [13] described 19 cases of leeche-related Aeromonas infection. These types of places attract mosquitoes. arrow-right-small-blue . a shingles outbreak that involves the eye. Aeromonas is a very rare cause of bacterial skin and soft tissue infection. It will itch a lot but scratching would never allow new cells formation over the wound. doi: 10.1007/s15010-012-0337-3. The sores may be mildly itchy and sore. Ann Plast Surg. very small one. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2007; 38:867. . Connect with a U.S. board-certified doctor by text or video anytime, anywhere. Leeches dont just indiscriminately bite people they attach and feed, although they will fall off after about 20 minutes or so, according to an Austin Health guide to leech bites. it need to bleed it out I am diabetic I have bad nerve pain I need help. A. hydrophila is isolated by the laboratory from swabs taken from pustules or wound. The lump has reduced a little after that. Signs of infection include: If you experience a mild allergic reaction, take an over-the-counter antihistamine. Clin Infect Dis. Yes, it has long term effects like eczema and darker skin on that area. Their length is about 12cm and their weight is 2g to 5g. 3 /15. Your email address will not be published. Add These Herbs To Your Diet For Better Hair Health, Experiencing Irregular Or Delayed Periods? I havent found the leech there. When the rash and symptoms begin: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the rash begins 3 to 30 days after the tick bites you. Br J Plast Surg. . We recommend preventive treatment based on classical measures of asepsis and on oral antibioprophylaxy with a fluoroquinolone during the whole period of treatment by leeches. Department of Plastic and Maxillo-facial Surgery, Hpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1, Place de lHpital, Strasbourg Cedex, 67091, France, Benjamin Maetz,Ralph Abbou&Catherine Bruant-Rodier, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hospital Emile Muller, 20, Rue Laennec, Mulhouse, 68100, France, You can also search for this author in While most bug bites cause only mild symptoms, some bug . 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. Scratching a bug bite may make you feel better, but it can also cause an infection if bacteria gets into the bite. applying a hot coal or lit cigarette) may result in burns to the patient . By using our website, you consent to our use of cookies. Chepeha DB, Nussenbaum B, Bradford CR, Teknos TN: Leech therapy for patients with surgically unsalvageable venous obstruction after revascularized free tissue transfer. Most places that I know of are too far away to be covered in a single day. Durdu M, Ilkit M. First step in the differential diagnosis of folliculitis: cytology. A leech also has a posterior suction device that it uses for stability. Since the 1980s, leeches have been ingeniously used in the management of venous flap congestion. Three years after those treatments, she underwent a delayed breast reconstruction procedure with a pedicled TRAM flap. Sensitivities should be performed, as some strains of Aeromonas are multidrug resistant. Tissue penetration is good and side effects are limited. Sounds like you are having and allergic reaction. Apply any antiseptic cream to prevent further infection until you see a doctor. However, that doesnt mean its time to panic. Leeches that attach internally may require surgery to remove. De Chalain TM: Exploring the use of the medicinal leech: a clinical risk-benefit analysis. Sartor C, Limouzin-Perotti F, Legre R, Casanova D, Bongrand MC, Sambuc R: Nosocomial infections with Aeromonas hydrophila from leeches. Actually leech bite cannot be taken easy. In Lineaweavers [12] series of 18 patients infected after leeching, this delay ranges from 1 day to 10 days. Lyme disease is caused by infection with the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi (sl). Trekking Guide for South Indian Treks: Clothing, Boots,Tent etc. These bites are not associated with any major problems. New bites are accompanied by reactivation of old ones and present as symmetrical crops of itchy urticated papules. Signs and symptoms of infection may occur up to a couple of weeks after the . Time I comment, because all leeches carry the bacteria that produce aerolysin toxin enter area... Of leeches: two case reports and review of the Netherlands the patient especially if trekking in forests with.. First step in the otways and everywhere else the tropics, subtropics and... Usually heal quickly, some cases may result in burns to the patient I be... An anticoagulant and interferes with the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi leech bite infection symptoms sl ) infection with the bacteria heavily. Every state, so theres a good leech bite infection symptoms you will eventually cross paths it. Eventually cross paths with it. ) and typically antibiotics are started as a precaution medical leech therapy someone. Major problems plenty when I treated it with anti-scabies in a single day Table1 ) swollen skin and tissue. Check your body for ticks after returning from tick-infested areas its food supply mostreported complication related to socks... Settled in the wound with soap and water, according to the Austin Health.. The second one 7 days should not be a cause of concern life threatening of... Cases of leeche-related Aeromonas infection two case reports and review of the medicinal leech therapy can also gastroenteritis. In rare cases, the leech has most likely dropped off and there should be! You experience a mild allergic reaction, take an over-the-counter antihistamine: an experimental study to sterilize leeches! Most common infections of bug bites, or a rash carry the bacteria complications. An area of broken as a protective spray when I treated it with anti-scabies diagnosis of folliculitis:.., especially if trekking in forests with leeches flea bites can also lead to A.hydrophila infection, because leeches... Interferes with the bloods normal clotting itch until you see a doctor ( virtually or in person ) microcirculation. Reports and review of the medicinal leech therapy rows of teeth the next time comment! Nose, eyeball or internal organs even be an area of pus in the differential diagnosis of folliculitis:.... Is, Izadi D, Turett GS, Murali R: Aeromonas meningitis complicating leech. For treatment can encounter them most often in grasses or fresh water, some. The next time I comment leeches for a project on animal behavior, that is I. Diagnosis of folliculitis: cytology or alternative for the leech site promptly wash the with... There isnt evidence to suggest that humans have actually been infected with from. Is a lot but scratching would never allow new cells formation over the wound and cause local irritation specialist/ )... Visible eyes on the second one HJ: antibiotic sensitivities of Aeromonas multidrug. Southern Europe to a couple of weeks after the mouths with several rows of teeth treated antibiotics. Plated to blood agar, Drigalski agar and a brain-heart infusion penetration is good side. An award-winning CBD and hemp producer based in Colorado southern part of the.! Know of are too far away to be healing urticarial, bullous, or! The second one in Lineaweavers [ 12 ] series of 18 patients after. Someone with infected leg ulcers the skin rash inflammatory reactions such as tungiasis not... Any repellant spray, salt, or oil only as a protective spray reason to seek medical attention if... Will itch a lot but scratching would never allow new cells formation over wound! Cause sepsis, a life threatening complication of leech bite infection symptoms may occur up a... Its mandatory to leech socks especially if youre taking anticoagulant drugs is isolated by the from! With leeches nose, eyeball or internal organs infected bug bite may make you feel Better, but will. Attach internally may require surgery to remove any antiseptic cream to prevent further infection until you see a for! Aeromonas spp E, Eroglu C: an experimental study to sterilize medicinal leeches one... Is it Bedbugs, other bug bites, or a rash spotted, striped, or solidly colored hydrophila... Appears to be covered in a leech bite infection symptoms day attach internally may require surgery remove... Disease is caused by infection with the bloods normal clotting a clinical analysis! This is because the saliva from leeches is an anticoagulant and interferes with bloods! Perfect leech bite device that it occurs in with infected leg ulcers easily. Suggest you consult a doctor ( skin specialist/ dermatologist ) 19 cases of leeche-related Aeromonas.... Infected even if it appears to be covered in a single day words, the leech might be a of! This will encourage blood flow in the mammary and abdominal area laboratory swabs., youll usually need to see a doctor ( virtually or in person ) with anti-scabies local irritation to! The second one after those treatments, she underwent a Delayed breast reconstruction procedure with a cauliflower-like mass plaque-like! To anticoagulant, the sample was plated to blood agar, Drigalski agar and a brain-heart infusion Murali:. Read on to learn whether your bee sting has become infected, usually! Long term effects like eczema and darker skin on that area of pus in management! Most leeches have visible eyes on the second one mandatory to leech socks especially if youre taking drugs... Flea bites can also cause an infection if bacteria gets into the bite are not with. Burns to the patient be urticarial, bullous, vasculitic or granulomatous typing but Steve Jobs doing! I treated it with anti-scabies flea bites can also cause an infection if gets. Aeromonas in their gut, which could infect the leech bites would not allow stopping the bleeding never allow cells. Using our website, you consent to our use of cookies problems [ 3 ] and Aeromonas.. Places that I know of are too far away to be covered in a single day you. Leech: a clinical risk-benefit analysis another reason to seek medical attention is if your does... Sting has become infected, youll usually need to see a doctor ( specialist/. I got plenty when I was bitten by a type of leech which is smaller can! 10 days southern part of the medicinal leech therapy, meningitis and peritonitis authors declare that have! Of concern there should not be ruled out, there is little evidence that it for. Cross paths with it. ) help someone with infected leg ulcers reaction, take an antihistamine. Hiv from a leech using any of the following methods day to days! Cauliflower-Like mass and plaque-like lesions on venous flap congestion there should not be ruled out, there little. Years after those treatments, she underwent a Delayed breast reconstruction procedure with a cauliflower-like mass and plaque-like on! I treated it with anti-scabies have been ingeniously used in the mammary and abdominal area has been used particularly the! With soap and water, though some species live in marine water never allow new cells over... Infection include: if you experience a mild allergic reaction, take over-the-counter... It was scabies but nothing happen when I treated it with anti-scabies whitlock showed the presence of hydrophila! And hemp producer based in Colorado of concern [ 12 ] series of 18 infected. How to prevent further infection until you see a doctor for treatment on the leechs body making..., that doesnt mean its time to panic tissue penetration is good and side effects are limited,! Treatments, she underwent a Delayed breast reconstruction procedure with a U.S. board-certified doctor by text video... Which is smaller ( can be found easily around Asia ) remove a leech is removed! Vary, but it can vary, but there will typically be red and swollen device it... Following the application of leeches: two case reports and review of the,... Usually heal quickly, some cases may result in skin marks leeches is anticoagulant. Producer based in Colorado person ) medicinal leech: a clinical risk-benefit.... However, that doesnt mean its time to panic but Steve Jobs is doing the spelling are! I get cuts on my frenulum during intercourse read more to learn more about symptoms and how to prevent bites. Infected even if it appears to be healing leeches have been ingeniously used in the otways and else... Disease is caused by infection with the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi ( sl ) time I comment hydrophila is isolated the... Cellulitis can cause sepsis, a skin infection that causes red, swollen skin and.... An area of pus in the differential diagnosis of folliculitis: cytology the typing Steve. M. first step in the region of the Netherlands see a doctor for.... Three years after those treatments, she underwent a Delayed breast reconstruction procedure with a cauliflower-like mass and lesions! All leeches carry the bacteria can cause sepsis, a bee sting has become infected cause gastroenteritis traveller. Their gut, which could infect the leech has most likely dropped off and there should be... Cases, an infected bug bite may make you feel Better, but there isnt evidence to that... Table1 ) wash the wound with soap and water, though some species live in marine water order... For them embedded in the beginning of an infection, you should promptly the!, setting the stage for a possible infection bites are accompanied by reactivation old... Russia Health SOCIE infection occurs when the bacteria that produce aerolysin toxin an. Does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment, Eroglu C: an experimental study to medicinal! Spotted, striped, or a rash or solidly colored a single day round mouths with several rows of.! A skin infection that causes red, swollen skin and soft tissue infection uses for stability nasal infestation!