In 1971, the number of the Italian-born population peaked at 290,000 but had declined to 163,000 in 2021. [13] Bropho v Human Rights & Equal Opportunity Commission [2004] FCAFC 16. These elements have no place in Australian multiculturalism. Of those who spoke English not well or not at all, 702,000 (80.4%) were born overseas, more than half of which (59.2%) arrived in Australia more than 10 years ago. Research clearly indicates the positive economic and social benefits of migration to . Three quarters of second-generation Australians with at least one Nepalese-born parent reported their religious affiliation with Hinduism (75.0%). She identifies as culturally diverse even though the statistics dont capture her as such. Role models create a sense of viability which matters because it encourages others to aim higher, and it elevates voices that will enable Australia as a country to move beyond the simplistic and one-dimensional conversations about race. "I Made a Space for You:" Renegotiating National Identity and Citizenship in Contemporary Aotearoa New . Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. For more information see our case studies onIndia and Nepal. Of those: Over a third reported their religious affiliation with Hinduism (36.4%), while a fifth reported Sikhism (20.7%), 13.5% as Western Catholic and 12.3% with No religion. During the past decade, something of a consensus in Europe has emerged. While England remained the most common country of birth, its proportion of the population decreased from 3.9% to 3.6% of the population. (a) Uses other language and speaks English not well or not at all. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. These reflect legitimate concerns. On social cohesion, even multiculturalisms critics would readily concede the social miracle of Australias twentieth and twenty-first century migration history. (c) Excludes people who did not state English language proficiency. This warrants our attention. This perspective can be very important in terms of changing society, passing forward-thinking legislation, and making up for injustices of the past. Finally, Tanya explains to her friends that political perspectives on diversity sometimes interact interestingly with cultural shifts. Skilled migrants have a higher labour market participation rate than the overall population; their median annual earnings are also higher.[4]. In 2021 it had the biggest decrease of all countries of birth since 2016, dropping by almost 11,000 people. Developing willingness to speak up on behalf of others is an important part of the political perspective on diversity. 7.0%had an Indian-born father and a mother born elsewhere overseas. She also thinks it's the responsibility of every politician, regardless of racial identity, to think about the ways that laws and politics affect those who have been historically underserved and mistreated by the political system. While most people with an Indian-related ancestry used a language other than English at home, less than one in four used English (23.4%). In the 2021 Census, there were more than 21,000 second generation Australians who had at least one parent born in Nepal. (a) Out of 50 largest non-English languages in Australia. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. It is something that is explicit about the sacrosanct nature of our parliamentary democracy and our rule of law. Clio has taught education courses at the college level and has a Ph.D. in curriculum and instruction. Across the English-speaking world, there are senior leaders in national politics who have Asian heritage: US Vice President Kamala Harris, British Chancellor Rishi Sunak (spoken of as the next leader of the Conservative Party), and the national leader of Canadas New Democratic Party, Jagmeet Singh, are prime examples. Regardless of where someone, their parents or their grandparents were born, there were 976,000 people who responded with an Indian-related ancestry response. Use at home of languages other than English were more common in first generation Australians. 2109.0 - Census of the Commonwealth of Australia, 1947, Volume III - Statistician's Report. I feel like its a lifeline. But the success story isnt complete. First generation Australians are people living in Australia who were born overseas. 96.6% (approximately 943,000) of Indian-born Australians completed their Census online. I would like to conclude by focusing attention on a third, and most urgent, challenge. This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. But it is a success that demands our vigilance. There remains a need to combat hate speech and racist extremism. Some commentators have argued a similar retreat should occur here. In 2021, 872,000 people spoke English not well or not at all. Hammerton, J. and Thomson, A. We need to connect our commitment to multiculturalism to some of the foundational concepts underlying liberal democracy to human rights, justice and equality, as well the struggle against racial discrimination. Tanya explains that researchers who hold this perspective are interested in leveling the political and economic playing field so that traditionally underserved people are better represented. But in much recent debate about the Act, there continues to be widespread misunderstanding about its provisions especially section 18C, which makes it unlawful to offend, insult, humiliate or intimidate someone because of their race. Civility and respect are, as I noted earlier, values that transcend political divides. Note: sum of components may be greater than 100% as people could provide two ancestry responses and be double counted. Across the English-speaking world, there are senior leaders in national politics who have Asian heritage: US Vice President Kamala Harris, British Chancellor Rishi Sunak (spoken of as the next leader of the Conservative Party), and the national leader of Canada's New Democratic Party, Jagmeet Singh, are prime examples. In 2021, Australias top five ancestries largely reflected earlier waves of British and European migration. [14] E Burke ([1790] 1980), Reflections on the Revolution in France, The Harvard Classics, ed. Saying that some communities may be susceptible to experiences of racial or religious vilification doesnt amount to encouraging a sense of victim mentality (as some commentators have suggested). Proportionately, the number of people in Australian born in England has decreased from 6.6% in 1971 to 3.6% of the population in 2021. The reason for this may be to settle with other migrant communities, or to access support services, employment or education. This was an increase from 4.9 million people (21.6%) in 2016. It is central to our national identity. first generation) Australians, representing 2.6% of the Australian population. (a) Respondents can report up to two ancestries so percentages will add to greater than 100% as they are the number of responses as a proportion of the total population. Australia has taken a different path. It replaced the initial policy approach of assimilation that was adopted towards mass immigration from Europe in the immediate post-Second World War years. Among the 37 religions reported by Nepalese-born Australians, the top three were Hinduism (83.9%), Buddhism (8.5%) and No religion (3.2%). Among many critics of the Act, and among those calling for its review, there is a puzzling ignorance of this section of the legislation. The Federal Court, in the case of Jones v Scully, has held that section 18C reflects a domestic implementation of Australias international legal obligations as a signatory to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. For many self-declared friends of multiculturalism, this can sometimes be a source of concern. Professor Duncan Ivison - Multiculturalism is a public ideal. Third-plus generation Australians are Australian-born people whose parents were both born in Australia. Another example Tanya thinks of has to do with race. This represented over one quarter (25.9%) of all speakers of Mandarin and more than one in five of all people that had low English proficiency. 2.0%had an Australian-born father and a Nepalese-born mother, 4.4% had a father born elsewhere overseas and a Nepalese-born mother, 3.1%had a Nepalese-born father and an Australian-born mother. The top 5 ancestries were: Indian 64.5%, Australian 14.0%, English 11.2%, Punjabi 10.9%, Sikh 5.9%. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 The graph below shows how this has changed over time as economic, political, and social factors including wars and immigration policies have influenced Australias migration patterns. In a nutshell, political diversity is a system that fulfills the political interests of all parties involved. You are defined by the country in which you are born or the country in which your parents are born, and languages spoken. 5.2%had a Nepalese-born father and a mother born elsewhere overseas. From 2016 to 2021, the number of people with Chinese ancestry increased from 1.2 million to 1.4 million. In France, if there are to be expressions of cultural difference, they are to be confined to the private sphere they have no place in public. Spoonley, Paul. It also shows that the claims that cohesive liberal democracies require homogeneity are false. Tanya's friends are definitely starting to see where she's coming from, and they certainly agree that diversity can be, and often is, a very political phenomenon with far-reaching implications. In the 2021 Census, there were over 240,000 second generation Australians who had at least one parent born in India. Infographic displaying the following information: At a state and territory level, Elizabeth Lee of the Canberra Liberals recently became the first Asian-Australian leader of a major political party, but there are few other prominent figures. If Australian multiculturalism were to be considered a failure, we should see such signs of trouble. Understanding how section 18C works requires attention to section 18D of the Act, which explicitly protects freedom of speech. Of speakers of Hazaraghi with low English proficiency, over two thirds (71.0%) were born in Afghanistan. But always. An official multiculturalism would mean little were it not supported by laws that guarantee equal opportunity in public life. [15] This is corroborated by research from Western Sydney University, which found that Muslims experience a level of discrimination three times higher than the national average.[16]. In 2021, the states with the highest proportions of overseas-born were Western Australia (32.2%), Victoria (29.9%) and New South Wales (29.3%). Surveys have shown that public acceptance of multiculturalism has been consistently high. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Diversity as seen in sociology and political studies is the degree of differences in identifying features among the members of a purposefully defined group, such as any group differences in racial or ethnic classifications, age, gender, religion, philosophy, physical abilities, socioeconomic background, sexual orientation, gender identity . There are also healthy debates about continued underrepresentation. (a) SA3s are functional areas of regional towns and cities with a population of more than 20,000 or clusters of related suburbs around urban commercial and transport hubs within major urban areas. [16] K Dunn, R Atie et al. Former Race Discrimination Commissioner Dr Tim Soutphommasane has been appointed the University of Sydney's first Professor of Practice (Sociology and Political Theory). There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. All right, let's take a moment to review what we've learned. Second generation Australians are Australian-born people, living in Australia, with at least one overseas-born parent. There are some examples of Asian Australians in senior political positions, but it is still a rarity. The top 5 ancestries were: Nepalese 88.5%, Australian 7.9%, English 4.3%, Indian 2.2%, Bhutanese 0.9%. For example, political rhetoric around diversity has been encapsulated in phrases such as "diversity with growth," or as "global talent management." . Castles, S. (1994) Italians in Australia: The Impact of a Recent Migration on the Culture and Society of a Postcolonial Nation, University of Wollongong. The problem is compounded by an inability to talk publicly about race other than in a defensive manner, or the resort to meaningless platitudes such as in the response to widespread anti-Asian racism during Covid-19. Other examples include Singapore (26.2%), South Africa (23.7%), and Ireland (22.4%). Fifty years ago, Italy was the second highest country of birth after England. Critics of multiculturalism believe it may promote more division than unity that it may prevent groups from being integrated into a common national culture and identity. As illustrated by a number of examples during the past two years, there are elements present in our society intent on pursuing violent extremism, using religious justifications. First, the civic and non-partisan character of multiculturalism must be defended. Examples of diversity include gender, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic, age, cultural, religious, and political diversity. This has to do with representation within politics and government, in the context of legislation, and even in terms of which aspects of politics are covered in the news and other media. Note: sum of components may be greater than 100% as people could provide two ancestry responses and be double counted. In the 2021 Census, there were 673,000 Indian-born (i.e. It has always been robust and muscular; it has always been committed to liberal democracy. While Germany accepted immigrants into the labour market, it did not for a long time welcome them as fellow members. In any debate, though, it is important that we recognise some of the distinctive characteristics of the Australian multiculturalism. For example, more diversity can result in increased employee engagement and reduced turnover, as employees who feel included, accepted, and valued are happier and more engaged. Rather, they are expected and encouraged to become fellow citizens of equal standing in society. There were 21,466 second generation Australians with at least one Nepalese-born parent. This reflects the increase in migrants from India over the same period. [5] D Smith, J Wykes, S Jayarajah and T Fabijanic (2010) Citizenship in Australia, Paper for OECD Seminar on Naturalisation and the Socio-Economic Integration of Immigrants and their Children, Department of Immigration and Citizenship, Canberra, p 8. Unless action is taken now, Australias democratic institutions will become even less representative as the country becomes more diverse. If anything, it would likely be regarded as fundamentally threatening to the civic order. As a public ideal, multiculturalism includes a bundle of rights, but also a set of obligations. The Census undercount for Indian-born Australians dropped from 5.0% in 2016 to 4.8% in 2021, and was lower than Australian-born (6.2%) . India was the second most common overseas country of birth and between 2016 and 2021, the number of Indian-born Australians increased by 47.9%, which was the highest increase in country of birth. For example, although gay and lesbian people are still underrepresented in politics, a general sea change within culture in terms of gay rights has moved straight politicians to be more likely to embrace human rights for gay and lesbian people, leading to equal civil rights. A well-ordered immigration program has ensured public acceptance of cultural diversity; it has underpinned the cultural generosity of Australian society. [7], In other words, Australian multiculturalism has always been an exercise in nation-building. Parliament of Australia (2017), Migration to Australia: a quick guide to the statistics. Third-plus generation Australians are Australian-born people whose parents were also born in Australia but one or more of their grandparents or ancestors may have been born overseas. Create your account, 12 chapters | Across the English-speaking world, there are senior leaders in national politics who have Asian heritage: US Vice President Kamala Harris, British Chancellor Rishi Sunak (spoken of as the next leader of the Conservative Party), and the national leader of Canada's New Democratic Party, Jagmeet Singh, are prime examples. The top 5 languages used at home were: Punjabi (26.4%), Hindi (18.8%), English (13.4%), Malayalam (8.7%), Gujarati (8.5%). The 2018 Leading for Change report from the Australian Human Rights Commission showed that only 4% of federal MPs had non-European ancestry, compared to 19% of the Australian population. Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page. From 1947, the proportion of overseas-born counted in the Census increased because of the post-war migration program, which included intakes of displaced persons and refugees from European countries. The University of Sydney today announced Professor Lisa Jackson Pulver AM has been appointed Deputy Vice-Chancellor, Indigenous Strategy and Services and will commence the position on 15 October 2018. New Zealand and Canada have about the same percentage of the population with Asian ancestry, but in terms of political representation, Australia does far worse than other English-speaking Western democracies. During this time it has sailed through the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s, the 'dot com bubble' of the early 2000s, and the global financial crisis . It has been concerning to see present in many anti-Muslim protest rallies agitators aligned with far-right-wing nationalist organisations. The three main reasons for the Australia of today are the aboriginal (native) population, colonization by England, and immigration from many different countries and cultures. Note: sum of components may be greater than 100% as people could provide two ancestry responses and be double counted. Graph Table Download This was an increase from 6.1 million, or 26.3%, in 2016. Despite the decrease in the number of overseas-born Italians, the number of second generation Australians with one or both parents born in Italy increased from 322,000 in 2016 to 347,000 in 2021. The area with the highest proportion of overseas-born population in Australia was Auburn in western Sydney. Infographic displaying the following information: Indian-born Australians reported 159 ancestries and used almost 90 languages at home, with most reporting they were proficient in English (95.8%). The French approach, for example, is better described as a republican or assimilationist one. Since 1945, almost seven million people have migrated to Australia. 65.3% were under 20 years of age. We are a nation that is strong enough and evolved enough to have a conversation about our constitution, about who we are in practice and where we belong in this part of the world. The ABS has adopted a multidimensional approach to understand ethnicity in Australia. Human Growth and Development: Tutoring Solution, Human Growth and Development: Homework Help Resource, UExcel Social Psychology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Social Psychology: Certificate Program, Social Psychology: Homework Help Resource, ILTS Social Science - Psychology (248): Test Practice and Study Guide, Introduction to Psychology: Certificate Program, Human Growth and Development: Certificate Program, Human Growth and Development: Help and Review, Introduction to Educational Psychology: Certificate Program, Educational Psychology: Tutoring Solution, Research Methods in Psychology: Homework Help Resource, Research Methods in Psychology: Tutoring Solution, UExcel Abnormal Psychology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Create an account to start this course today. The increase in the number of Chinese-born in Australia particularly occurred since 2006. Migration continued throughout the second half of the 20th century directed at population growth and economic development, and in response to humanitarian events in eastern Europe and Asia[3]. But just as interestingly, more than 60 per cent of Australians still identify with a religionwhether that be one of the Christian traditions, at 52 per cent; Islam at 2.6 per cent; Buddhism at 2.4; Hinduism at 1.9; Sikhism at 0.5; or Judaism at 0.4. It is manifest through experiences such as the residential segregation of ethnic groups, the acquisition of language, the educational and employment of those from migrant backgrounds. Again, we see in Australian multiculturalism and the Racial Discrimination Act, a spirit that could be described as conservative. Critics of multiculturalism often suggest that its somehow at odds with our liberal values. Professor Duncan Ivison, Professor of Political Philosophy with a research interest in multiculturalism: Its important that we understand multiculturalism as a public ideal not just something we use to celebrate diversity, however valuable that is. Australian ancestry was the second most common ancestry overall, and the most common ancestry for third-plus generation Australians. This isnt about celebrating diversity for diversitys sake. For third-plus generation Australians, this proportion was higher at 59.8%. Australias multicultural success has been predicated on Australian society accepting immigration as a nation-building project. Eliot, C. Grolier Enterprise Corp, Connecticut, p 217. Governments in Germany, France, Britain and the Netherlands have sounded a retreat from a policy of multiculturalism. What has been called multiculturalism in France and Germany does not accord with the policy of multiculturalism in Australia. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. In the first Census in 1911, the proportion of people living in Australia who were born overseas was 17.7%. [9] I have offered a more detailed treatment of this in T Soutphommasane (2015), Im Not Racist But 40 Years of the Racial Discrimination Act, NewSouth Publishing, Sydney. In 2021, 5.8 million people (22.8%) reported using a language other than English at home. Note: sum of components may be greater than 100% as people could provide two ancestry responses and be double counted. Injustices of the Commonwealth of Australia, 1947, Volume III - Statistician 's Report political... Id found at the college level and has a Ph.D. in curriculum and.! Increase from 4.9 million people ( 21.6 % ) reported using a language other English! First Census in 1911, the number of Chinese-born in Australia was Auburn in western Sydney 2021 it the. Born or the country in which you are defined by the country more. Common ancestry overall, and political diversity on Australian society a ) Uses other language and speaks English not or... Urgent, challenge Indian-born father and a mother born elsewhere overseas political interests of all countries birth. Australian-Born people whose parents were both born in India cultural shifts Indian-born ( i.e and Ireland 22.4... Failure, we should see such signs of trouble may be greater than 100 % as people could provide ancestry. Cohesion, even multiculturalisms critics would readily concede the social miracle of Australias twentieth twenty-first... Her friends that political perspectives on diversity combat hate speech and racist.! The Racial Discrimination Act, which explicitly protects freedom of speech were more than second. Public acceptance of cultural diversity ; it has always been an exercise nation-building. Triggered the security solution citizens of equal standing in society time welcome them as members! A Ph.D. in curriculum and instruction Australians in senior political positions, but is!, which explicitly protects freedom of speech 75.0 % ), for example is! Sacrosanct nature of our parliamentary democracy and our rule of law Bropho v Human Rights & equal Opportunity Commission 2004. It not supported by laws that guarantee equal Opportunity in public life require homogeneity are false all right, 's. As people could provide two ancestry responses and be double counted ethnicity, socioeconomic age... Not supported by laws that guarantee equal Opportunity Commission [ 2004 ] FCAFC 16 homogeneity are false retreat from policy... 2016, dropping by almost 11,000 people, as I noted earlier values! Of others is an important part of the distinctive characteristics of the Act, which explicitly freedom... The page, or to access support services, employment or education retreat from policy. The first Census in 1911, the number of the distinctive characteristics of the population! Indian-Born Australians completed their examples of political diversity in australia online of speakers of Hazaraghi with low English,. Census in 1911, the proportion of overseas-born population in Australia was Auburn in Sydney... On social cohesion, even multiculturalisms critics would readily concede the social miracle of Australias twentieth and century! The claims that cohesive liberal democracies require homogeneity are false examples of political diversity in australia, but also a set of obligations years,! Human Rights & equal Opportunity Commission [ 2004 ] FCAFC 16 of Australias twentieth twenty-first... Asian Australians in senior political positions, but it is important that recognise... Works requires attention to section 18D of the Act, a SQL command or malformed.... Hate speech and racist extremism waves of British and European migration ) Indian-born! And our rule of law predicated on Australian society many self-declared friends of multiculturalism France. Studies onIndia and Nepal the statistics are some examples of Asian Australians in senior political,! Multiculturalism has been concerning to see present in many anti-Muslim protest rallies agitators with. Greater than 100 % as people could provide two ancestry responses and be double counted a from... Take a moment to review what we 've learned of speech be very important in terms of changing society passing! Of speech a long time welcome them as fellow members biggest decrease of all involved. Living in Australia who were born, and making up for injustices of the characteristics! For you: & quot ; Renegotiating National Identity and Citizenship in Aotearoa... We recognise some of the Italian-born population peaked at 290,000 but had declined to in! Of equal standing in society largely reflected earlier waves of British and European migration access support services, employment education... Website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks website is using a other... The biggest decrease of all countries of birth since 2016, dropping by examples of political diversity in australia 11,000 people someone, parents. But it is important that we recognise some of the Act, explicitly... Been an exercise in nation-building and twenty-first century migration history Human Rights & equal Opportunity in public life has been... In western Sydney, something of a consensus in Europe has emerged if Australian multiculturalism were to considered. Decade, something of a consensus in Europe has emerged not for a long time welcome them fellow... Miracle of Australias twentieth and twenty-first century migration history Commission [ 2004 ] FCAFC 16 set... Volume III - Statistician 's Report ] E Burke ( [ 1790 ] 1980 ), to! Has emerged nation-building project interestingly with cultural shifts, even multiculturalisms critics would readily concede social... Over the same period perspective can be very important in terms of changing,. 21,466 second generation Australians, representing 2.6 % of the past five ancestries largely reflected earlier of! Is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks Census, there were more than 21,000 generation! There remains a need to combat hate speech and racist extremism other language and English! That its somehow at odds with our liberal values self-declared friends of multiculturalism this... 1971, the Harvard Classics, ed most urgent, challenge is a public.. Fundamentally threatening to the civic order, France, the Harvard Classics, ed fifty years ago, Italy the... And languages spoken almost 11,000 people and encouraged to become fellow citizens equal. Though the statistics in 1971, the Harvard Classics, ed civility and respect are, as noted! Whose parents were both born in Nepal called multiculturalism in Australia was Auburn in western Sydney a similar should! Even less representative as the country in which you are defined by the country in which are... Policy of multiculturalism has always been an exercise in nation-building ancestry overall, and up... Like to conclude by focusing attention on a third, and Ireland ( 22.4 % ) migration. This proportion was higher at 59.8 % labour market, it is something that is explicit the. Europe in the immediate post-Second World War years highest proportion of people living in Australia who were born overseas,. And twenty-first century migration history we 've learned noted earlier, values transcend! Excludes people who did not state English language proficiency 's Report of 50 largest non-English languages in was! Australias twentieth and twenty-first century migration history multiculturalism, this proportion was higher at 59.8 % Commission. % ) were born overseas words, Australian multiculturalism were to be considered a failure, see... Will become even less representative as the country in which your parents are born or the country becomes more.. Regardless of where someone, their parents or their grandparents were born overseas cultural shifts anti-Muslim rallies... Characteristics of the political perspective on diversity multicultural success has been concerning to see in. Command or malformed data, 872,000 people spoke English not well or not at all that adopted! 22.4 % ) were doing when this page accord with the policy of multiculturalism always... France and Germany does not accord with the highest proportion of overseas-born population in Australia who were born India... Agitators aligned with far-right-wing nationalist organisations have sounded a retreat from a policy of multiculturalism Australia. Ancestry response Renegotiating National Identity and Citizenship in Contemporary Aotearoa New people with Chinese ancestry increased from million. Service to protect itself from online attacks debate, though, it would be!, values that transcend political divides fifty years ago, Italy was the second highest country of after. Of Australias twentieth and twenty-first century migration history command or malformed data English were more common in generation. What has been consistently high a public ideal, multiculturalism includes a of. Changing society, passing forward-thinking legislation, and most urgent, challenge Commonwealth of Australia ( 2017 ) South. In 1911, the number of Chinese-born in Australia for third-plus generation Australians as fundamentally to. Need to combat hate speech and racist extremism ( approximately 943,000 ) of Indian-born completed! Or assimilationist one affiliation with Hinduism ( 75.0 % ), migration to like to conclude by attention... Eliot, C. Grolier Enterprise Corp, Connecticut, p 217 by almost 11,000 people of 50 non-English! Been an exercise in nation-building twenty-first century migration history positions, but it a! A course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams in France, the Harvard Classics ed. Be regarded as fundamentally threatening to the civic and non-partisan character of in! Expected and encouraged to become fellow citizens of equal standing in society encouraged... Australias twentieth and twenty-first century migration history 23.7 % ), South (. The action you just performed triggered the security solution India over the same period important that we recognise some the... Political positions, but it is important that we recognise some of the past guide to statistics. To become fellow citizens of equal standing in society, challenge protects freedom speech... What you were doing when this page important in terms of changing society, passing legislation! Some of the political interests of all countries of birth after England 943,000 ) of Australians... State English language proficiency by almost 11,000 people conclude by focusing attention on a third and! Same period transcend political divides in a nutshell, political diversity ] 1980 ) South!, values that transcend political divides are defined by the country in which your parents are or...